P Terms — Election Security Glossary

Peer to Peer Network architecture in which those systems involved can carry out similar functions (in contrast to client-server architecture). P2P is often used for exchanging data.

A colloquial term for penetration test or penetration testing.

PCOS units are optical scan voting machines that are specifically designed and used for precinct-based vote tabulation. PCOS units are used in polling places in jurisdictions in 40 states.

Information that permits the identity of an individual to be derived and any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including: information that can be used to distinguish or trace an…

The PII confidentiality impact level—low, moderate, or high— indicates the potential harm that could result to the subject individuals and/or the organization if PII were inappropriately accessed, use…

A “cartridge that stores the ballot information and records the votes for each marksense voting system.” Wyo. Rules §1.4(uu). Cf. NO-VOTE BUTTON.

(ES&S) An election data file that has been converted to be input to IVOTRONIC equipment, containing both geographical information and ballot setup data.

A cloud computing model where a third-party provider delivers hardware and software tools to users over the internet

Compression program or compression algorithm of a program. Originally intended to optimize the size of a program on the hard drive. Malware often uses upstream packers to prevent recognition by anti- …

The logical unit of network communications produced by the transport layer.

A routing device that provides access control functionality for host addresses and communication sessions. (SP 800-41) (NISTIR)

Software that observes and records network traffic.

The verification of the presence of each required page in a physical publication.

A voting machine in which the ballot is presented in pages rather than FULL-FACE. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §18:553.1. Paillier system A cryptographic protocol useful in electronic voting, invented by Pasca…

The term used in francophone countries for the version of List PR in which voters may vote for a party or grouping and in addition for one or more candidates, whether or not those candidates are nomin…

A “lever the election judge uses to clear the votes when an elector fails to enter any votes on a lever voting machine.” Wyo. Rules §1.4(mm). Cf. NO-VOTE BUTTON.

The principle in some jurisdictions that have implemented Internet voting, that a paper ballot cast in-person will supersede any ballot cast by the same individual by Internet voting. Tallying Countin…

A paper record of ballots cast through an electronic voting machine.

A piece of paper, paper roll or multiple card stock, on which all voter selections are either hand marked or printed, depending on the particular voting system.

A single piece of paper that forms part of a paper ballot. Paper ballots may contain multiple sheets.

The face of a paper ballot sheet.

The “method of recording votes which are count ed manually.” Hawaii Rev. Stat. §16-21. Cf. VOTING MACHINE SYSTEM.

Voting using tangible ballots made of paper; as opposed to electronic voting or Internet voting. Personal Identification

A piece of paper on which information from a computer, scanner or similar device has been printed.

Paper cast vote record that can be directly verified by a voter.

A “an auditable document printed by a voter ve rified paper audit trail component that corresponds to the voter's electronic vote and lists the contests on the ballot and the voter's selections for th…

A series of documents providing written evidence of a sequence of events or the activities of a person or organization.

Paper-based VOTING SYSTEM. An obsolete term from the 1990 FEC Standards. Abbreviated P&M SYSTEM.

Voting system that records votes, counts votes, and tabulates the vote count, using one or more ballot cards or paper ballots.

“A voting device that records votes, counts votes, and/or produces a report of the vote count from votes cast on paper cards or sheets.” 2007 VVSG.

Testing a number of randomly selected voting stations under conditions that simulate actual Election Day usage as closely as possible, except that the actual ballots seen by ‘test voters’ and the voti…

A mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems, usually one plurality/majority system and one proportional representation s…

The testing of randomly selected voting machin es during an election. A “process designed to detect the potential presence of malicious code in the software of a voting machine. It requires a specific…

A small administrative district corresponding to a county in other states, such as in the State of Louisiana.

The body that supervises elections in a Louisiana parish.

A local election official in Louisi ana. “The clerk of the district court is ex officio parish custodian of voting machines in each parish, ex cept that in any parish having a civil and a criminal dis…

(C. F. D.) Bit(s) used to determine whether a block of data has been altered. Rationale: Term has been replaced by the term “parity bit”.

(C. F. D.) A checksum that is computed on a block of bits by computing the binary sum of the individual bits in the block and then discarding all but the low-order bit of the sum. See checksum.

A method of voting in which the voter is allowed to vote for n out of m candidates, but the k > n candidates receiving the highest totals will be elected. Cf. BLOC VOTING.

An ABSENTEE BALLOT or QUESTIONED BALLOT that can be counted only for certain races because the voter voted in a district in which he or she was not registered. In such cases, statewide races and ballo…

A “ RECOUNT in fewer than the total number of elec tion precincts involved in an election.” Texas Elec. Code §211.002(3). See also Ore. Rev. Stat. §258.006(8).

A “vote card with chad(s) in which only one (1) co rner is broken or separated from the card.” Ark. Register §108.00.02-003.300(g). Cf. CANDIDATE AREA.

BALLOT CONFIGURATION … A given ballot configur ation may be realized by multiple ballot styles, which may differ in the language used, the ordering of CONTESTS and CONTEST CHOICES.” 2007 VVSG.

A committed member of a political party who strongly supports their party's policies.

A “ballot which contains a distinctive code a ssociated with the major political party of the voter and on which is clearly printed the name of the party.” Nev. Rev. Stat. 293B.300.

An election in which candidates run for offices as representatives of a political party, often in which their party affiliation is printed on the ballot.

An elected office for which candidates run as representatives of a political party.

The act of completing the required paperwork to become a partisan candidate for public office.

Election in which political parties choose their nominees for a general or run-off election.

Information systems security mode of operation wherein all personnel have the clearance, but not necessarily formal access approval and need-to-know, for all information handled by an information syst…

An organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a country's elections. It is common for the members of a political party to have similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specifi…

Refers to a candidate or elected official's relationship to a particular party, not necessarily to a particular set of philosophical beliefs. In terms of voting, this usually refers to voters register…

A “primary election ballot specific to a particular major political party that lists all partisan offices to be voted on at that primary, and the candidates for those offices who affiliate with that s…

A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice, and do not choose between candidates. The party with most votes will wi…

A candidate who is running as representatives of a political party for an elected office.

A “written statement or receipt signed by the secr etary or chair of the county committee or of the state committee, as the case may be, of the political party evidencing the name and title proposed t…

A meeting where states and territory parties convene to select a presidential nominee.

The political party printed with the name of a candidate on a ballot or election materials.

An “organization, composed of at least twenty -five members who are electors, which has, on or after November 4, 1981, reserved a party designation with the Secretary of the State.” Conn. Gen. Stat. §…

The act of registering to vote and selecting a political party affiliation. Note, some states refer to registering with a party preference, and not formal enrollment or affiliation.

The political party printed with the name of a candidate on a ballot or election materials.

For an electoral district, the average number of representatives elected by each party and grouping. For a country, the average of the party magnitudes for all electoral districts.

A representative of a political party who is permitted to observe an

The “office of delegate or alternate to the nati onal convention of a political party or member of the State, county or municipal committees of a political party.” N. J. S. §19:1-1.

The act of registering to vote and selecting a political party preference. Note, some states refer to registering with a party as party enrollment or affiliation.

Any “any qualified voter who is eligible to vote at the primary election of a political party.” R. I. Gen. Laws §17-1-2(8).

A form of ballot in which a voter chooses between parties or groupings, rather than individual candidates.

Indiana BALLOT

“[I]n the case of a candidate for state or distri ct office, a person endorsed by the convention of a political party as a candidate in a primary to be held by such party, and (B) in the case of a can…

Contest where eligibility to vote in that contest is restricted based on political party affiliation or lack of any affiliation. The affiliation might be the registered affiliation of the voter or it …

Decision factor or expected result used to determine if software or hardware passes a test case.

An attack that does not alter systems or data.

Security testing that does not involve any direct interaction with the targets, such as sending packets to a target. (SP 800-115) (NISTIR)

The monitoring or recording of data that attempts only to observe a communication flow and gain knowledge of the data it contains, but does not alter or otherwise affect that flow.

A string of characters (letters, numbers, and other symbols) used to authenticate an identity or to verify access authorization.

The process of recovering secret passwords stored in a computer system or transmitted over a network. SOURCE: SP 800-115

The ability to protect a file using a password access control, protecting the data contents from being viewed with the appropriate viewer unless the proper password is entered. (SP 800-72) (NISTIR)

The resistance of a password to compromise by guessing or brute force. 2007 VVSG.

An authentication method in which a user can log in to a computer system without the entering a password or any other knowledge-based secret

A label, preprinted with one or more candidate names, that can be pasted on or attached to a ballot.

A “sticker that is used to correct the name of a candidate on ballots whenever: (1) a new candidate is appointed or selected …; or (2) a change must be made to correct any error; after the ballots are…

An update to an operating system, application, or other software issued specifically to correct particular problems with the software.

The systematic notification, identification, deployment, installation, and verification of operating system and application software code revisions. These revisions are known as patches, hot fixes, an…

A change (or commit). Within the context we are discussing them, a patch closes a vulnerability in software.

Patching is the process of updating software to x bugs and vulnerabilities. (UK 2016)

Maintaining an authenticatable record of the prior platforms visited by a mobile software agent, so that a newly visited platform can determine whether to process the agent and what resource constrain…

Selecting contest options across multiple contests in a predetermined pattern intending to signal one’s identity to someone else. The possibility of pattern voting can be an issue for publishing Cast …

The ability of a VOTING STATION to allow the voter to stop a ny audio presentation and resume it on request. Under the 2007 VVSG, an AUDIO-TACTILE INTERFACE must provide pause and resume.

The input data to the CCM generation-encryption process that is both authenticated and encrypted. (SP 800-38C) (NISTIR)

A removable card that can be plugged into a computer, usually a laptop, to allow data exchange between the computer and the card. Such cards are used in voting machines to contain ballot information o…

The process of verifying that a peer entity in an association is as claimed.

A security service that verifies an identity claimed by or for a system entity in an association.

A colloquial term for penetration test or penetration testing.

See intrusion.

An evaluation method that enables researchers to search for vulnerabilities in a system. Election systems, such as the Voter Registration system, are periodically submitted to Penetration Tests to det…

An information security expert who performs penetration tests

A proposal to repeal a law authorizing what was previously enacted by a governing body, and that is placed on the ballot by a citizen petition.

Unique traffic encryption key generated automatically by certain secure telecommunications systems to secure single voice or data transmissions. See cooperative key generation (CKG).

A “BENCHMARK used in the VPP. The ratio of the number of CAST BALLOTS containing no erroneous votes over the number of cast ballots containing one or more errors (either a vote for an unintended choic…

(opscan) A MARK that conforms to the manufacturer’s specifications. 2007 VVSG. Cf. IMPERFECT MARK.

Framework for performance measurement providing common output measurements throughout the Federal Government. It allows agencies to better manage the business of government at a strategic level by pro…

(C. F. D.) 1. Encompasses all those components of the system that are to be accredited by the DAA, and excludes separately accredited systems to which the system is connected. Rationale: Listed for de…

The processing of various levels of classified and unclassified information at distinctly different times. Under the concept of periods processing, the system must be purged of all information from on…

Information whose value can decrease substantially during a specified time. A significant decrease in value occurs when the operational circumstances change to the extent that the information is no lo…

An application to automatically receive an absentee ballot in the mail for all future elections.

A voter who has applied to use an absentee ballot to vote for all elections and has met the qualifications to be a permanent absentee voter in their jurisdiction.

A term used by election officials when a voter has applied for and is eligible to use an absentee ballot for all elections.

Synonymous with permanent absentee voter.

A “paper record upon which shall be printed in human readable form the votes cast for each candidate and for or against each public questi on on each ballot recorded in the voting system. Each permane…

Used in request messages. Subtype of BallotRequest which serves to request ballots for election events that the voter is qualified on a long term basis. Although “permanent”, the request may be subjec…

Device used in cryptographic equipment to change the order in which the contents of a shift register are used in various nonlinear combining circuits. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

The ability of malware (malicious software) to maintain access to a compromised system even after mitigation steps have been taken. Achieving some degree of persistence eliminates the need to reinfect…

The concept by which U. S. Cyber Command implements defend forward. It is based on the idea that adversaries are in constant contact in cyberspace. Its elements are enabling partners and acting as far…

The local official responsible for the safe c onduct of an election. The “county auditor in all cases except local elections for a municipality, school district, township, or other political subdivisi…

A device that is carried or worn by an individual with some physical impairment whose primary purpose is to help compensate for that impairment.

A computer memory expansion and storage device — a precursor to USB memory storage devices, such as “thumb drives.”

Pennsylvania method A rule, unique to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for interpreting OVERRIDES to STRAIGHT-PARTY VOTES on electronic voting systems.

A utility on a computer that monitors network activity and blocks communications that are unauthorized. (SP 800-69) (NISTIR)

Any information about an individual including:

A secret that a claimant memorizes and uses to authenticate his or her identity. PINs are generally only decimal digits.

The information that permits the identity of an individual to be directly or indirectly inferred.

(PIV) card A physical artifact (e.g., identity card, “smart” card) issued to an individual that contains stored identity credentials (e.g., photograph, cryptographic keys, digitized fingerprint repres…

The official management decision to authorize operation of a PIV Card Issuer after determining that the Issuer’s reliability has satisfactorily been established through appropriate assessment and cert…

An individual who can act on behalf of an agency to authorize the issuance of a credential to an applicant. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

(PIV Card) Physical artifact (e.g., identity card, “smart” card) issued to an individual that contains stored identity credentials (e.g., photograph, cryptographic keys, digitized fingerprint represen…

An authorized identity card creator that procures FIPS-approved blank identity cards, initializes them with appropriate software and data elements for the requested identity verification and access co…

An entity that establishes and vouches for the identity of an applicant to a PIV Issuer. The PIV RA authenticates the applicant’s identity by checking identity source documents and identity proofing, …

An individual who can act on behalf of a department or agency to request a PIV Card for an applicant. (FIPS 201) (NISTIR)

Any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual‘s identity, such as name, social security number, date…

The fraudulent casting of the vote of a registered elector by another person.

A document required as part of the TDP which shall “describe the personnel resources and training required for a jurisdiction to operate and maintain the system.” 2007 VVSG.

The management role that is responsible for registering human users, i.e., users that are people.

The disability community is rapidly evolving to using identity-first language in place of person-first language. This is because it views disability as being a core component of identity, much like ra…

“[C]hannels, rollers, compensators, lockouts, pins and shutters used in connection with voting machines.” N. J. S. A. §19:48-3.15.

A document with information about measures, initiatives, referendums, or candidates used to gather signatures from registered voters.

An organized effort to collect sufficient valid signatures to support an initiative, candidate, measure, or referendum.

The act of raising and spending funds for purposes related to a petition.

The act of attempting to gather signatures from voters for initiatives, referendums, or candidates.

Term used when elections officials examine submitted petitions and determine whether they are in proper form, if the signatures of voters are valid, and if the requisite number of valid signatures hav…

A model where cybercriminals offer pre-packaged phishing tools and resources, like malicious email templates, landing pages, and hosting, to others, effectively lowering the barrier to entry for launc…

The practice of attempting to acquire authentication credentials or other personal information by posing as a trustworthy or legitimate entity. Process

Used in request and response messages. Enumeration for telephone capabilities, used in the Capability attribute of PhoneContactMethod. Name Value fax For telephones that include facsimile capabilities…

Used in request and response messages. RequestHelper, and RequestProxy use this class to specify a telephone number as well as the capabilities of the telephone, e.g., sms, fax, etc. PhoneContactMetho…

Inspection by an accredited test laboratory that compares the voting system components submitted for certification testing to the vendor’s technical documentation and confirms that the documentation s…

“Blindness or any other physical handicap making it impracticable to cast a ballot.” Nev. Rev. Stat. §293.070.

It is clear that voting system must be resistan t to tampering or intrusion both by electronic and physical means. Requirements that address the physical aspects of voting system security: locks, tamp…

A network that is not connected to entities or systems outside a physically controlled space. (SP 800-32) (NISTIR)

(PPS) A space inside one physically protected perimeter. Separate areas of equal protection may be considered part of the same PPS if the communication links between them are provided sufficient physi…

A “ballot specific to a single major political party, listing candidates for that major political party and including non-partisan offices and i ssues, or a ballot containing only non-partisan offices…

(opscan) An elastic band used to feed a ballot into a scanner.

An error that occurs when a optical scanner is unable to obtain the next ballot for scanning.

In Missouri a JUDGE who picks up election materials from the county election board prior to an election.

A type of OPEN PRIMARY in which the voter may choose a party in which to vote for that election regardless of the party to which the voter belongs. Also SELECTIVE PRIMARY.

A small Bluetooth network created on an ad hoc basis that includes two or more devices. (SP 800-121) (NISTIR)

A method of counting paper ballots. Minn. Stat. §204C.21.

The requirement for use of plain language on the BALLOT and any accompanying instructions. A HUMAN FACTOR identified in the 2007 VVSG.

Unencrypted information that may be input to an encryption operation.

“During the election, the exterior of the voting and counting equipment and every part of the polling place shall be in plain view of the officers of election.” Va. Code §24.2-638.

Unencrypted information.

An unencrypted cryptographic key. (FIPS 140-2) (NISTIR)

A document that identifies tasks needing to be accomplished. It details resources required to accomplish the elements of the plan, any milestones in meeting the tasks, and scheduled completion dates f…

The declared policy of a political party, candidate or group.

A proposal to repeal a law that was previously enacted by a governing body, and that is placed on the ballot by a citizen petition.

Illegally voting more than once in the same election. Alaska Stat. §15.15.410.

The number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other but does not receive an absolute majority (more than 50%).

A vote variation in which the candidate with the most votes wins, without necessarily receiving a majority of votes.

Plurality/majority systems are based on the principle that a candidate(s) or party with a plurality of votes (i.e. more than any other) or a majority of votes (i.e. 50 per cent plus one – an absolute …

In some states, a plus sign (+) is an acceptable mark on a ballot. N. J. S. A. §19:15-28.

Provide an alternative method of using equipment for people with limited hand use, for activities including turning pages, drawing, as a keyboard aid or a pencil holder.

The Candidate or Question on the Ballot On certain ballots, voters are instructed to draw a single line to connect the head and tail of the arrow that points to the choice to vote for a candidate or m…

On certain ballots, voters are instructed to draw a single line to connect the head and tail of the arrow that points to the choice to vote for a candidate or measure, instead of filling in a bubble o…

(PAA) First level of the PKI Certification Management Authority that approves the security policy of each PCA. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

(PBAC) A form of access control that uses an authorization policy that is flexible in the types of evaluated parameters (e.g., identity, role, clearance, operational need, risk, he uristics).

(PCA) Second level of the PKI Certification Management Authority that formulates the security policy under which it and its subordinate CAs will issue public key certificates. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

A system entity that makes authorization decisions for itself or for other system entities that request such decisions.

(PEP) A system entity that requests and subsequently enforces authorization decisions.

(PMA) Body established to oversee the creation and update of Certificate Policies, review Certification Practice Statements, review the results of CA audits for policy compliance, evaluate non-domain …

Recognizing that, when a CA in one domain certifies a CA in another domain, a particular certificate policy in the second domain may be considered by the authority of the first domain to be equivalent…

(1) relating to the government or the public affairs of a country. (2) Relating to the ideas or strategies of a particular party or group in politics.

From FEC's glossary: Popular term for a political committee that is neither a party committee nor an authorized committee of a candidate. PACs directly or indirectly established, administered or finan…

Any employee who is appointed by the President, the Vice President, or agency head.

A meeting at which local members of a political party register their preference among candidates running for office or select delegates to attend a convention.

The required information that must accompany any political advertisement that is paid for by a candidate, committee, or individual that is published, displayed, or circulated for the purposes of influ…

Any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups, and special interest groups.

An organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a country's elections. It is common for the members of a political party to have similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specifi…

Refers to a candidate or elected official's relationship to a particular party, not necessarily to a particular set of philosophical beliefs. In terms of voting, this usually refers to voters register…

The declared policy of a political party or group.

Any unit of government, such as counties and cities, school districts, and water and conservation districts having authority to hold elections for public offices or on ballot issues.

A person who is professionally involved in politics, especially as a holder of or a candidate for an elected office.

(1) To check the status of or record the opinion of a voter. (2) The process of voting in an election.

An official register of electors entitled to vote at an election, used to verify and check in voters prior to issuing them a ballot.

A site used to check in, process, or tabulate ballots from multiple precincts as a central location.

Documents that contain a list of registered voters within a jurisdiction, which poll workers use to verify voters’ registration status. Voters typically must enter their signatures into a poll book be…

In North Dakota, a representative of a po litical party who observes voting to monitor TURNOUT.

An ELECTION OFFICIAL in Indiana and West Virginia who hands out BALLOTS to voters. Ind. Code. §3-6-6-2.

The opening and closing times for voting at polling locations.

An official register of electors entitled to vote at an election, used to verify and check in voters prior to issuing them a ballot.

Manager OF Election. Likewise in Georgia.

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

A report listing the collated election results for a given POLLING LOCATION.

Individuals that monitor the opening and closing of voting locations and the voting process.

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

People who staff and operate polling places. Duties of poll workers include setting up the polling place, including placing voting equipment in operation; checking in voters; maintaining order in the …

“[A] device programmed to accept voted ballots at a polling place for the purpose of tallying and storing the ballots on election day.” Wash. Rev. Code §29A.04.115.

In-person VOTING

A post-election comparison of the POLL BOOK with other records, whose purpose is to verify that: “The total number of ballots recorded by the voting system in some location is the same as the total nu…

In Indiana, a local ELECTION OFFICIAL, to whom the voter announces her name on appearing at the polls.

Physical address of a polling place.

Facility to which voters are assigned to cast in-person ballots.

The location of the facility where a voter will be on the official list of voters authorized to cast a ballot. Polling places are based on a voter's residential address and the site may change from on…

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

Voting in which the voter goes to a sp ecific location to vote, as opposed to ABSENTEE VOTING OR INTERNET VOTING.

A “location selected by the county board of election commissioners where votes are cast.” Ark. Code §7-1-101(18). Also POLLING PLACE.

A place where voting takes place.

A switch or button on a voting machine, normally pr otected by a seal, that is used to open or close the polls during an actual election.

The vote for a candidate or issue made by the qualified voters, as opposed to a vote made by elected representatives.

The entry or exit point from a computer for connecting communications or peripheral devices.

A technique that sends client requests to a range of service port addresses on a host.

Using a program to remotely determine which ports on a system are open (e.g., whether the systems allow connections through those ports).

A standard and commonly used file format, used for creating, sharing, and reading documents, forms, and reports. PDF files can only be opened and read by a reader, such as Adobe Acrobat.

Electronic devices having the capability to store, record, and/or transmit text, images/video, or audio data. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to: pagers, laptops, cellular teleph…

Portable device that can be connected to an information system (IS), computer, or network to provide data storage. These devices interface with the IS through processing chips and may load driver soft…

A “system employing special paper ballots under which votes are cast by voters marking special paper ballots with a vote marking device and are counted by use of automatic tabulating equipment located…

A high-level remote access architecture that is based on a server that offers teleworkers access to one or more applications through a single centralized interface. (SP 800-46) (NISTIR)

(1) The proper, appropriate, or usual place; such as the location a contest or candidate will appear on a ballot. (2) An opinion or what a person thinks about a political candidate, issue or policy.

Primacy EFFECT

Generic term referring to a sealed authenticator system, permissive action link, coded switch system, positive enable system, or nuclear command and control documents, material, or devices.

Relating to or occurring in the time following an election.

Laws, policies, and administrative procedures that are conducted after an election, often related to the canvassing, auditing, and certifying of election results.

A post-election audit that involves hand-counting a sample of votes on paper records, then comparing those counts to the corresponding vote totals originally reported as a check on the accuracy of ele…

A procedure that takes place after an election in which a sample of ballots from the election is recounted by hand in order to check the electronic vote tallies reported on election night. A sample of…

See PRE-ELECTION LAT.

A VOTING STATE of a VOTE-CAPTURE DEVICE after the polls have been closed but before the device is cleared or configured for a subsequent election. 2007 VVSG.

The fee to use a postal service.

A form of indication on an envelope that the costs for sending were paid in another way than using stamps or a franking machine. The indication is usually placed in the upper right corner of the front…

A small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage, who then affix the stamp to the face or address-side of any item of mai…

Mail ballot

A mail service offered by postal services in many countries, which allows the sender proof of mailing via a mailing receipt and, upon request, electronic verification that an article was delivered or …

The election administration official in Minne sota who is responsible for the conduct of elections in a precinct selected for postelection review. Minn. Stat. §206.89.

“As used in the Election Code. ‘posting’ means posting for not less than seven days prior to an election or to an action to be taken, in at least one conspicuous place in each precinct in the county.”…

A “list of registered voters within a voting precinct.” Utah Code §20A-1-102(48). Also POLL LIST.

A postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date, and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where an…

Under emergency circumstances an electi on may be postponed. Iowa Admin. Code §721- 21.1(6). The postponement may even take place on ELECTION DAY. However, because of 2 U. S. C. §7, elections for FEDE…

The loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability that could be expected to have a limited (low) adverse effect, a serious (moderate) adverse effect, or a severe or catastrophic (high) adverse e…

A PORT through which electrical power is supplie d to components of a voting system. 2007 VVSG. PowerProfile (ES&S) A VOTER REGISTRATION SYSTEM.

A formal statement of the practices followed by an authentication entity (e.g., RA, CSP, or Verifier). It usually describes the policies and practices of the parties and can become legally binding. (S…

Under the Federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, specified changes in voting procedures in certain states or political divisions cannot take effect in a state or political subdivision until the change is …

Laws, policies, and administrative procedures that are conducted prior an election, often related to candidacy filings, ballot preparation, logic and accuracy testing of voting machines, poll worker t…

1965, specified changes in voting procedures in certain states or political divisions cannot take effect in a state or political subdivision until the change is approved by a specified federal authori…

A LOGIC AND ACCURACY TEST performed before an election to verify that the voting system is operating properly.

Document that is adopted provisionally by a standardizing body and made available to the public in order that the necessary experience may be gained from its application on which to base a standard.

A VOTING STATE of a VOTE-CAPTURE DEVICE prior to opening the polls. 2007 VVSG.

The time period that a person, otherwise qualified to be a candidate for any public office or position to be determined by public election, prepares to be a candidate and may receive contributions or …

Election administration division corresponding to a contiguous geographic area that is the basis for determining which contests and issues the voters legally residing in that area are eligible to vote…

A record that must be produced by the ELECTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM for purposes of AUDIT showing the “changes made to each contest based on the resolution of PROVISIONAL BALLOTS, CHALLENGED BALLOTS, WRI…

An “automatic tabulating device used at the precinct to tabulate and process ballots.” Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §117.375(10).

A “device used by the voter at the precinct on election day or during early voting for the purpose of scanning the voter's ballot after the ba llot has been voted but prior to depositing the ballot in…

A group of individuals working together, following specific rules and procedures, responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

A party leader who organizes political activities in a specific geographic area.

A “meeting of registered electors of a precinct w ho are eligible to participate, … such meeting being organized in accordance with the rules a nd regulations of the political party. Colorado Stat. §1…

An indication on a ballot designating the PRECINCT to which it applies. In some states, a ballot must bear such a code: “The computer or c ounting device must halt or indicate by appropriate signal if…

Counting of ballots in the same precinct in which those ballots have been cast.

Optical scan technology that permits voters to mark their paper ballots within a precinct and submit the ballot for tabulation. Precinct Count systems provide overvote/undervote protection.

System by which votes are recorded in a voting location by means of marks made in voting targets designated on one or both sides of a ballot card or series of cards. An optical scan system reads and t…

A voting system that tabulates ballots at the polling place. These systems typically tabulate ballots as they are cast and print the results after the closing of the polls. With an Optical Scan System…

A “person appointed to serve in a precinct as one (1) of the following: (1) Inspector. (2) Judge. (3) Poll clerk. (4) Assistant poll clerk. (5) Elec tion sheriff.” Ind. Code §3-5-2-40.1. Likewise in K…

The “precinct election returns, voted ballots, and other records of an election,” as described in Texas Elec. Code §66.002.

An official appointed to “be present in the po lling place of the precinct during all elections and act as the personal agent and deputy of the election commissioner. The precinct inspector shall enfo…

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting at a polling location or an election process.

An official register of electors entitled to vote at an election, used to verify and check in voters prior to issuing them a ballot.

A subdivision of a precinct which arises when a precinct is split by two or more election districts that may require different ballot styles.

A record that must be produced by the ELECTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM for purposes of AUDIT. Its detailed contents are specified in the 2007 VVSG, but fundamentally it ties the unique device identifiers of…

Cf. CENTRAL TABULATION.

The “capability to examine a ballot through electr onic means and tabulate the votes at one or more counting places.” 10 Ill. Comp. Stat. §5/24B-2.

An “electronic optical scanning ballot tabulation system or other tabulator designated by the director to electronically count ba llots.” Alaska Stat. §15.60.010(25). A “ TABULATOR that counts votes a…

The official responsible for the proper and orderly voting of the technology used at a polling location.

Voting before or on Election Day where the voter completes the ballot in person at a designated polling site that is overseen by election officials or poll workers.

A voting system in which initial tabulation is performed at the POLLING PLACE, as opposed to a CENTRAL COUNT system.

Precint-count Optical Scanner. An “optical ballot scanner that is located in the precinct and into which optical scan voter-verif ied paper ballots, marked either by hand by the voter or with the assi…

A device that counts ballots at a POLLING LOCATION instead of at a central station. An advantage of precinct count scanning is that a voter who has overvoted can be alerted and given an opportunity to…

(1) Extent to which a given set of measurements of the same sample agree with their mean. Thus, precision is commonly taken to be the standard deviation estimated from sets of duplicate measurements m…

A county whose election board decisions are subj ect to the approval of the State Board of Elections. 31 Ky. Admin. Regs. §4:080.

A sign that an attacker may be preparing to cause an incident. See indicator.

Prediction resistance is provided relative to time T if there is assurance that an adversary who has knowledge of the internal state of the DRBG at some time prior to would be unable to distinguish be…

A condition that exists within an organization, a mission/business process, enterprise architecture, or information system including its environment of operation, which contributes to (i.e., increases…

Instant RUNOFF VOTING

A method of voting in which the voter ranks n out of m candidates using the numbers 1 through n, with 1 indicating his fi rst choice. The candidate(s) receiving the fewest numbers of 1’s is eliminated…

“Whenever any political party shall select by PRIMARY ELECTION party nominees as candidates at any GENERAL ELECTION for any United States, state, district, county, township, or municipal office, there…

Electoral systems in which voters rank parties or candidates on the ballot paper in order of their choice. The Alternative Vote, the Borda Count, the Single Transferable Vote and the Supplementary Vot…

Prefix appended to the short title of U. S.-produced keying material to indicate its foreign releasability. "A" designates material that is releasable to specific allied nations, and" U. S." designate…

(obsolete) A CHAD that has been deformed, usually by a voter’s stylus, but no corner of which has been detached from a punched card. No juri sdiction counts pregnant chads as votes, but if no other bi…

The activities to build, sustain, and improve readiness capabilities to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from natural or manmade incidents.

Version of INFOSEC equipment employing standard parts and suitable for complete evaluation of form, design, and performance. Preproduction models are often referred to as beta models. (CNSSI-4009) (NI…

A concept from MARK-SENSE and PAPER balloting. “The form of mark a voter is instructed to make in the VOTING TARGET in order to cast a vote.” Jones. Presidential absentee ballot An ABSENTEE BALLOT tha…

Ballot style that includes all presentational details required to generate a ballot. This may include language, ordering of contests and candidates, and structural content such as headers.

A candidate who is seeking nomination or election to the office of U. S. President and who either has met the legal requirements to have their name printed on the ballot or is eligible to have their n…

A bipartisan commission established by President Obama in March 2013. The PCEA’s mission was to identify best practices to promote efficient election administration and to make recommendations to impr…

Individuals who represent their state at national party conventions for the purpose of nominating a candidate for U. S. President. The candidate who receives a majority of the party's delegates wins t…

A member of the electoral college, who is authorized to cast a ballot for U. S. President on behalf of the voters of their state or the District of Columbia.

[Presidential Directive that] Aims to clarify roles and responsibilities across the Federal Government and establish a more effective partnership with owners and operators and State, local, tribal and…

[Presidential Directive that] facilitates an integrated, all-of-Nation approach to national preparedness for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation, including acts of te…

Primary election in which voters choose the delegates to the presidential nominating conventions allotted to their states by the national party committees.

Primary election in which voters choose the delegates to the presidential nominating conventions allotted to their states by the national party committees.

A feature of a voting system a llowing the voter to select electors for both President and Vice- President in a single act. Presidential single voting is the usual method even in states that d not per…

A “year in which electors of President and Vice-Pr esident of the United States are voted for at the general election.” N. J. S. §19:1-1.

The official in charge of a COUNTING STATION. Texas Elec. Code §127.005. Presiding Officer The precinct official in charge of a polling place.

Successful or winning individual or organization.

Controls that prevent unwanted events.

Early voting

The name given by political scientists to the observed phenomenon that voters give preference to the first candidate listed in a RACE, regardless of political party. The effect can be reduced through …

Election held to determine which candidate will represent a political party for a given office in the general election. Some states have an open primary, while others have a closed or modified-closed …

The official list of key dates and voting deadlines for a primary election.

An election authorized by the governing body of a city. Nev. Rev. Stat. §293.079.

Election held to determine which candidate will represent a political party for a given office in the general election. Some states have an open primary, while others have a closed or modified closed,…

Primary election in which voters choose the delegates to the presidential nominating conventions allotted to their states by the national party committees.

Tallies of votes cast in a primary election after the polls have been closed for voting.

(PRSN) A Key Management Infrastructure (KMI) core node that provides the users’ central point of access to KMI products, services, and information.

ELECTIONS. Ore. Rev. Stat. §254.465(1). 2. A “ballot used in a mail ballot election and does not include:

An entity whose identity can be authenticated. SOURCE: FIPS 196

(PAA) (C. F. D.) Senior official with authority and responsibility for all intelligence systems within an agency. Rationale: PAA was used in both the IC and the DoD, but with the publication of ICD 50…

(PAO) A senior (federal) official or executive with the authority to oversee and establish guidance for the strategic implementation of cybersecurity and risk management within their mission areas (i.…

(CA) The Principal Certification Authority is a CA designated by an agency to interoperate with the FBCA. An agency may designate multiple Principal CAs to interoperate with the FBCA. (SP 800-32) (NIS…

Eliminating the display of characters in order to preserve their secrecy. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

When a voter updates their registration in the same or a different jurisdiction, their previous voter registration on the official voter rolls is known as their Prior Registration.

Relating to or occurring in the time before the first official act related to an election.

Relating to or occurring in the time before the day of an election.

An Election Relating to or occurring in the time before the first official act related to an election.

The ability to prevent others from determining how an individual voted.

A property of a voting system that is designed and deployed to enable voters to obtain a ballot, and mark, verify, and cast it without revealing their ballot selections or selections of language, disp…

“All voting devices used in any election shall be pr ovided with side curtains and front shield to insure that no person can see or know for whom any voter has voted or is voting.” 15 Del. Code Ann. §…

“Equipment, such as a booth or par tition, provided in conjunction with a VOTE CAPTURE DEVICE to make it difficult for anyone other than the voter to determine through visual observation how the voter…

An analysis of how information is handled 1) to ensure handling conforms to applicable legal, regulatory, and policy requirements regarding privacy; 2) to determine the risks and effects of collecting…

A simple device, usually of paper, used by the voter to hide her vote while taking her ballot from the voting booth to a tabulation machine. Also SECRECY ENVELOPE.

Commercial encryption system that affords telecommunications limited protection to deter a casual listener, but cannot withstand a technically competent cryptanalytic attack. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

A cryptographic key, used with a public key cryptographic algorithm, that is uniquely associated with an entity and is not made public. In an asymmetric (public) cryptosystem, the private key is assoc…

The secret part of an asymmetric key pair that is typically used to digitally sign or decrypt data.

A right granted to an individual, a program, or a process. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

A right granted to an individual, a program, or a process.

(PCM) The key management entity (KME) authorized to create the privilege certificate for another KME.

An expansion of the privileges available to a role or group.

The definition and management of policies and processes that define the ways in which the user is provided access rights to enterprise systems. It governs the management of the data that constitutes t…

An information system account with approved authorizations of a privileged user.

A human-initiated command executed on an information system involving the control, monitoring, or administration of the system including security functions and associated security-relevant information…

A computer process that is authorized (and, therefore, trusted) to perform security- relevant functions that ordinary processes are not authorized to perform.

A user that is authorized (and, therefore, trusted) to perform security-relevant functions that ordinary users are not authorized to perform.

A continuous process to manage and harden devices and networks according to known best practices.

See likelihood of occurrence.

The chief election official in rural counties in the State of Georgia.

A technique that attempts to access a system to learn something about the system.

A LOG recording all difficulties encountered by a MANUFACTURER during the design and development phase for a voting system. 2007 VVSG.

A process for authenticating a voter remotely while maintaining ballot anonymity.

A process checkpoint and migration technique that uses dynamic program re-writing techniques to add a checkpointing capability to a running program. Process hijacking makes it possible to checkpoint a…

“The governing authority ordering the election sh all preserve a proces verbal of the canvass and shall forward a copy to the secretary of st ate, who shall record it.” La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §18:1293.

The act of verifying eligibility, adding information to a database, and creating a new or updated voter record upon the receipt of elections application, such as a voter registration card or absentee …

A board that identifies damaged or mutilated ballots to be sent to a DUPLICATION BOARD. Tenn. Rules §1360-2-9-.01(b).

A subsystem consisting of “hardware and softwa re required to accumulate voting data for all candidates and measures at the machine and polli ng place levels, to consolidate the voting data at a centr…

Cryptographic equipment, assembly or component classified or certified by the National Security Agency (NSA) for encrypting and decrypting classified national security information and sensitive inform…

The list of information assurance (IA) and IA-enabled products evaluated and validated pursuant to the NIAP program.

The Key Management Infrastructure core node that provides central generation of cryptographic key material.

Standard that specifies requirements to be fulfilled by a product or a group of products, to establish its fitness for a purpose.

INFOSEC equipment in its final mechanical and electrical form. (CNSSI-400) (NISTIR)

(1) Subset of a standard for a particular constituency that identifies the features, options, parameters, and implementation requirements necessary for meeting a particular set of requirements. (2) Sp…

Measuring the characteristics of expected activity so that changes to it can be more easily identified.

(C. F. D.) Computer instructions or routines controlling or affecting the externally performed functions of key generation, key distribution, message encryption/decryption, or authentication. Rational…

The requirement of the AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT that government programs – when viewed in their entirety – must be readily accessible to and usable by people with disabilities.

“[T]he actual punch card deck or decks, or a computer program disk, diskette, tape or other programming media, containing the program fo r counting and tabulating the votes, including the ‘APPLICATION…

Abbreviated PROM.

Electronic device that includes software. Most electronic voting devices include application logic (software) and are, therefore, programmed devices.

In the 2007 VVSG, “is prohibited” indicates “a mandatory requirement not to do something.” Cf. SHALL.

An otherwise genuine ballot that a voter is forb idden to use because it has not been obtained in accordance with procedures. “No voter shall vote or offer to vote any ballot except such as the voter …

A configuration setting for a network interface card that causes it to accept all incoming packets that it sees, regardless of their intended destinations. (SP 800-94) (NISTIR)

The illegal promise by a candidate to a person that he will, in return for that person’s support or “securing the candidate's nomination, election or appointment,” use his influence to obtain a positi…

The illegal promise by a candidate to “promise dir ectly or indirectly to name or appoint any person or persons to any place, position, or offi ce in consideration of any person or persons supporting …

A document confirming where a voter lives.

A “paper ballot in which the appropria te box is marked with an ‘x’ or ‘ ,’ the oval is completely blackened, or the incomplete line or arrow is connected, and the voter has not cast votes for more t…

Someone who proposes something, or at least supports it by speaking and writing in favor of it.

A type of PRIMARY ELECTION used in a majority of stat es by the Democratic party. Convention delegates are apportioned among the ca ndidates receiving the most votes in each district while the at-larg…

An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.

A vote variation used in multi-seat contests where the votes allowed in the contest are distributed to the selected candidates proportionally depending on the number of selections. This may result in …

A proposal to enact a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot for approval or rejection by voters.

Material and information relating to or associated with a company's products, business, or activities, including but not limited to financial information; data or statements; trade secrets; product re…

<FOCI> Top Secret (TS) information, COMSEC information excluding controlled cryptographic items when unkeyed and utilized with unclassified keys, restricted data (RD), special access program (SAP) inf…

A NICE Framework category consisting of specialty areas responsible for the identification, analysis, and mitigation of threats to internal IT systems or networks.

PCII is [information and communications] protected from disclosure. All critical infrastructure information that has been properly submitted and validated pursuant to the Critical Infrastructure Infor…

Wire line or fiber optic system that includes adequate safeguards and/or countermeasures (e.g., acoustic, electric, electromagnetic, and physical) to permit its use for the transmission of unencrypted…

“[E]lectors of the state of Washington who are not registered voters of Washington or any other state.” Wash. Admin. Code §434-240-010(2).

Informal description of the overall design of an information system delineating each of the protection mechanisms employed. Combination of formal and informal techniques, appropriate to the evaluation…

A minimal, baseline set of requirements targeted at mitigating well defined and described threats. The term Protection Profile refers to NSA/NIAP requirements for a technology and does not imply or re…

A “separate counter, which cannot be reset, that is built into a VOTING MACHINE and records the total number of movements of the operati ng lever.” Utah Code §20A-1-102(54). A “registering device that…

A device “whereby any operation of the machine befo re or after the election will be detected.” N. J. S. A. §19:48-1(i). Also PROTECTVE COUNTER.

Wire line or fiber optic system that includes adequate safeguards and/or countermeasures (e.g., acoustic, electric, electromagnetic, and physical) to permit its use for the transmission of unencrypted…

Packaging techniques for COMSEC material that discourage penetration, reveal a penetration has occurred or was attempted, or inhibit viewing or copy ing of keying material prior to the time it is expo…

Trained critical infrastructure protection and vulnerability mitigation subject matter experts who work for DHS and are responsible for ensuring all Office of Infrastructure Protection critical infras…

Special tamper-evident features and materials employed for the purpose of detecting, tampering and deterring attempts to compromise, modify, penetrate, extract, or substitute information processing eq…

A “complaint concerning the conduct of an election which, if supported by sufficient evidence, may require remedy by one or more of the follo wing: a. A correction in the returns. b. A discretionary r…

A petition or process to challenge or to raise objections against the conclusions of an administrative action.

A set of formal rules describing how to transmit data, especially across a network.

A unit of data specified in a protocol and consisting of protocol information and, possibly, user data. (FIPS 188) (NISTIR)

Entity that follows a set of rules and formats (semantic and syntactic) that determines the communication behavior of other entities. (FIPS 188) (NISTIR)

An ABSENTEE VOTER who is required to provide identifi cation so that her eligibility to vote can be determined later and her ballot excluded from counting if she is not eligible. N. M. Admin. Code 1.1…

A ballot cast by a voter who was not on the list of eligible voters, whose information was incomplete or not accurate, or who had already received a ballot in the mail and was allowed to vote. Fail-sa…

An official envelope used to enclose a ballot that was cast provisionally to separate the ballot from other cast ballots until the voters eligibility can be determined.

Ballots cast by voters whose eligibility to vote is disputed by an election official. Standards for counting provisional ballots vary significantly among the states.

An interim CERTIFICATION of a voting system pending the opportunity for a full examination or waiver of examination. For example, a vendor may make software modifications to a previously certified sys…

A “political organization which has filed a legally valid petition to be recognized as a party]. The filing of a legally valid petition entitles the provisional party to participate in the next genera…

A ballot cast by a voter who was not on the list of eligible voters, whose information was incomplete or not accurate, or who had already received a ballot in the mail and was allowed to vote. Provisi…

An outline of the rules and procedures for voting provisionally, published by the official authority who is responsible for administering an election.

The act of casting a ballot by a voter who was not on the list of eligible voters, whose information was incomplete or not accurate, or who had already received a ballot in the mail and was allowed to…

An “individual whose application for voter re gistration was accepted but whose eligibility has not yet been verified as provided by law.” Mont. Code Ann. §13-1-101(24).

An application that “breaks” the connection between client and server. The proxy accepts certain types of traffic entering or leaving a network and processes it and forwards it.

A form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate his or her voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence.

A software application running on a firewall or on a dedicated proxy server that is capable of filtering a protocol and routing it between the interfaces of the device.

A server that services the requests of its clients by forwarding those requests to other servers.

A malicious technique where an attacker gains control over a target's proxy server, allowing them to intercept and manipulate the targets internet traffic

A false name. SOURCE: SP 800-63 1. A subscriber name that has been chosen by the subscriber that is not verified as meaningful by identity proofing. 2. An assigned identity that is used to protect an …

Software algorithm that, given an initial seed value, generates a sequence of numbers that approximate the properties of random numbers (for instance, the next pseudorandom number cannot be predicted …

Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, org…

A hybrid solution that combines the breadth of automation with the depth of human assessment, while integrated with advanced vulnerability management and analytics

A “public test conducted prior to election day fo r the purpose of demonstrating the accuracy of the computer program and voting system which will be used to count the ballots and to demonstrate and e…

Cf. PROTECTIVE COUNTER.

Software not protected by copyright laws of any nation that may be freely used without permission of or payment to the creator, and that carries no warranties from or liabilities to the creator.

“After the delivery of the examiners' reports and before the determination of whether the voting system or voting system equipment fo r which an application has been submitted satisfies the applicable…

Data to be published openly and made available to all without let or hindrance, irrespective of need-to- know.

The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate.

Public part of an asymmetric key pair that is typically used to verify digital signatures or encrypt data.

A cryptographic algorithm that uses two related keys, a public key and a private key. The two keys have the property that deriving the private key from the public key is computationally infeasible. (F…

See certificate.

(PKC) Encryption system that uses a public-private key pair for encryption and/or digital signature.

The incorporation of the use of certificates for security services such as authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation.

A framework consisting of standards and services to enable secure, encrypted communication and authentication over potentially insecure networks such as the Internet.

A set of roles, policies, and procedures used to establish greater trust in the authenticity of a digital certificate and for use in creating, managing, distributing, using, storing, and revoking digi…

A proposal to enact a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot for approval or rejection by voters.

A form of DRE voting system that uses electroni c ballots and transmits official vote data from the polling place to another location (such as a central count facility) over a public network beyond th…

A DRE that transmits vote counts to a central location over a public telecommunication network.

A notice issued by a government agency or legislative body to make the public aware of the various government activities, hearings, public bids or other actions.

Any federal, state, county, municipal, town, parish, borough or other district office or government position.

A term used to describe an individual who occupies any federal, state, county, municipal, town, parish, borough, or other district office or government position.

Question. Any “question, proposition or refere ndum required by the legislative or governing body of this State or any of its politi cal subdivisions to be submitted by referendum procedure to the vot…

A formal request made by a member of the public for documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government.

A starting value for a pseudorandom number generator. The value produced by the random number generator may be made public. The public seed is often called a “salt”.

An abbreviated logic and accuracy test of voting equipment, pre-announced in public media and open to public attendance.

A ballot card that contains voting position targets that a marking device must pierce to form a hole in order to record a voter's choice for a candidate or measure.

A voting system where voters punch holes in a ballot card with a ballot marking device to mark their selections. After voting, the voter may place the ballot in a ballot box, or the ballot may be fed …

Voting system where votes are recorded by means of punches made in voting response fields designated on one or both faces of a ballot card or series of cards.

A ballot consisting of a punched-card that is capab le of being read by a card reader to tabulate the vote. Punchscan An optical scan vote counting system developed by David Chaum to provide a voter-v…

A ballot marking device used by voters to punch holes in a ballot card to mark their selections.

A ballot marking device used by voters to punch holes in a ballot card to mark their selections.

Terminology sometimes used to describe a process that states and counties use to maintain and update voter rolls and data by canceling registrations for voters who are no longer eligible.

The act of removing the names of ineligible voters from the registration rolls.

Conformity assessment. 2007 vvsg.