M Terms — Election Security Glossary

A shortened URL that Facebook users can use to enter into a conversation with the affiliated page admin

A shared, immersive, persistent, 3D virtual space where humans experience life in ways they could not in the physical world

See Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. Mimicking – See Spoofing.

The Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act of 2009, federal legislation to facilitate voting by military and overseas voters.

MARK Recognizition Character INK

A certificate attesting to certain facts concerni ng an individual voting machine, such as the number shown on the PROTECTIVE COUNTER at the opening of the polls. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §18:553(B)(6).

A “ballot count produced by a voting system that uses machines.” 8 N. C. Admin. Code §09.0107(a).

The “county board of elections shall, prior to each primary and election, appoint for each additional voting machine to be used in such di strict, one qualified registered elector of the county to ser…

A subfield of computer science in which computers learn without being explicitly pro- grammed and automate analytic model building.

A field concerned with designing and developing artificial intelligence algorithms for automated knowledge discovery and innovation by information systems.

Mark in a contest selection position of a paper ballot that meets requirements for detection by a scanner.

Mark in a contest selection position of a paper ballot that cannot be detected as readable or marginal by a scanner and requires human adjudication.

(ES&S, opscan) A portion of an optical scan ballo t that is detected and read by a scanner, including a TIMING MARK, CANDIDATE OVAL, and ORIENTATION BAR.

A BALLOT that is not machine-readable, including a ripped or torn ballot, a ballot voted with an instrument that cannot be read by the machine, or a ballot with extraneous marks within the read head p…

A virus that attaches itself to documents and uses the macro programming capabilities of the document’s application to execute and propagate.

One of a fixed number of districts into which a state is divided, each district electing Magisterial candidates.

A civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones.

Magnetic representation of residual information remaining on a magnetic medium after the medium has been cleared. See clearing.

1. A ballot to be submitted by mail. Oregon votes entirely by mail for

An “election conducted entirely by MAIL BALLOT where: (a) Only issues or nonpartisan offices are on the ballot; (b) The election is not being held in conjunction with a state primary or any general

The “packet of information provided by the designate d election official to eligible electors in the mail ballot election. The packet includes the ba llot, instructions for completing the ballot, a se…

Any “precinct containing less than two hundred activ e registered voters at the closing of voter registration … in which the county auditor has determined to conduct the voting by mail ballot.” Wash. …

A “ballot used in a precinct with fewer than two hundred active registered voters regularly voting by mail in primary, general, and speci al elections.” Wash. Admin. Code §434-238- 020(4).

A ballot cast by a voter other than in-person at a voting location. Mailed ballots are typically mailed to voters but can be issued over the counter from an election's office. Depending on the jurisdi…

The process of mailing ballots to voters using the U. S. Postal Service.

A form used by a voter to request that a ballot be mailed to them.

Mail ballot

An election that is conducted entirely with the use of mailed ballots and either does not offer in-person voting options or has limited in-person voting options.

A voting precinct that does not offer in-person voting options.

The address where a person can receive mail, which may be different than the address where a person lives.

The “ease with which maintenance actions can be performed based on the design characteristics of equipment and software and the processes the manufacturer and ELECTION OFFICIALS have in place for prev…

Special instructions (trapdoors) in software allowing easy maintenance and additional feature development. Since maintenance hooks frequently allow entry into the code without the usual checks, they a…

Key intended only for off-the-air, in-shop use. Maintenance key may not be used to protect classified or sensitive U. S. Government information. Also known as bench test key.

A “written record which contains all informati on relating to system testing, performance of

An application that requires special attention to security due to the risk and magnitude of harm resulting from the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to or modification of the information in the ap…

An information system that requires special management attention because of its importance to an agency mission; its high development, operating, or maintenance costs; or its significant role in the a…

An interface “at the level of t hose identified in the system overview. … These are interfaces between subsystems and components, not CALLABLE UNITS.

A “political organization whose candidate for any one (1) of the offices of the United States house of representatives, governor or secretary of state, received not less than ten percent (10%) of the …

Designed to produce an absolute majority (50 per cent plus 1) of votes.

More than half.

A political party that receives a minimum percentage of the total vote in a jurisdiction or has sufficient strength to win control of a government or constitute the principal opposition to the winning…

A vote variation which requires the winning candidate to receive more than half of the votes cast. If no candidate wins an outright majority, a runoff election may be held between the top two vote-get…

The Votes More than half of the votes cast.

More than half of the votes cast.

More than half of the voters.

An error, mistake, omission, or intentional act that results in a vote not counting towards the final election result.

The uneven distribution of voters between electoral districts.

A small application program that is automatically downloaded and executed and that performs an unauthorized function on an information system.

Software or firmware intended to perform an unauthorized process that will have adverse impact on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of an information system. A virus, worm, Trojan horse,…

Activities, other than those authorized by or in accordance with U. S. law, that seek to compromise or impair the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of computers, information or communication…

Hardware, firmware, or software that is intentionally included or inserted in a system for a harmful purpose.

A malicious attack that involves injecting harmful code into legitimate online advertising networks

Software or firmware intended to perform an unauthorized process that will have adverse impact on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a system. For example, a virus, worm, Trojan horse,…

Software, such as “antivirus software, antispyware software, and rootkit detection,” which “can identify common known malware that attempts to infect an ELECTRONIC DEVICE, as well as identify infectio…

Comes from the terms "malicious" and" software". Generic term for software which carries out harmful functions on a computer. This comprises amongst others viruses, worms, Trojan horses. See also Malw…

(MitM) A form of active wiretapping attack in which the attacker intercepts and selectively modifies communicated data to masquerade as one or more of the entities involved in a communication associat…

An interface within an information system that provides boundary protection capability using automated mechanisms or devices.

A configuration of a client node that enables a key management infrastructure (KMI) external operational manager to manage KMI products and services by either 1) accessing a PRSN or 2) exercising loca…

The security controls (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) for an information system that focus on the management of risk and the management of information system security. Rationale: Listed for dele…

(C. F. D.) The security controls (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) for an information system that focus on the management of risk and the management of information systems security. Rationale: Lis…

The individual responsible for performing activities related to registering key management infrastructure operating accounts (KOAs).

In South Carolina, one of three ELECTION OFFICIALS appointed to conduct voting at a POLLING PLACE. S. C. Code §7-13-72.

An official or authoritative command, usually by legislative statute or executive order.

An access control policy that is uniformly enforced across all sub jects and objects within the boundary of an information system. A subject that has been gr anted access to information is constrained…

(MAN) A change to a COMSEC end-item, which the National Security Agency (NSA) requires to be completed and reported by a specified date. See optional modification.

A that must be conducted if certain conditions ar e satisfied. For example, in North Dakota, a recount must be conducted for any office in a ge neral election in which the top two candidates are separ…

(C. F. D.) Alteration or simulation of friendly telecommunications for the purpose of deception. See communications deception and imitative communications deception. Rationale: Listed for deletion in …

HAVA requires that a voting system used in an election for Federal office “produce a permanent

Cryptosystem in which the cryptographic processes are performed without the use of crypto-equipment or auto-manual devices.

The “process of inspecting each voter response position on each voted ballot upon breaking the seals and opening the ballot containers from the precincts or, in the case of precinct counting systems, …

A non-automated means of transporting cryptographic keys by physically moving a device, document, or person containing or possessing the key or key component. (SP 800-57 Part 1) (NISTIR)

Any “approved device for directly marking a ballot by hand with ink, pencil, or other substance which will enable the ballot to be tabulated by means of automatic tabulating equipment.” Minn. Stat. §2…

A RECOUNT performed without resort to automate d equipment. Texas Elec. Code §214.002. See also HAND-EYE RECOUNT.

Procedure by which a distant crypto-equipment is rekeyed electronically, with specific actions required by the receiving terminal operator. Synonymous with cooperative remote rekeying. See automatic r…

Counting ballot sheets and/or selections on ballot sheets by human examination.

Paper ballot marked by a voter using a writing utensil. The paper ballot is the independent voter verifiable record.

An election result, more commonly found where a plurality/majority system is used, in which a single party or coalition wins less than 50 per cent of the valid votes but an absolute majority of the se…

Entity with ownership and control over a voting system submitted for testing.

CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT. The TDP contains information necessary to the development of the test plan, such as the manufacturer's hardware

Testing of a voting system by its manufacturer prior to submission for CERTIFICATION.

A “mark within a voting target that does not conform to manufacturer specifications for a reliably detectable vote. … The word "marginal" re fers to the limit of what is detectable by an OPTCIAL SCANN…

An intentional mark in a contest selection position of a paper ballot that does not meet the requirements for a reliably detectable selection, and therefore requires human adjudication. A marginal mar…

Any symbol made by the signer that represents execution of a document or indicates a voting selection.

(opscan) A special ink for printing optical scan ballots that does not contain carbon black or iron particles and is thus not recognized y the scanner. Abbreviated MRC INK.

A “machine-readable ballot which utilizes paper for presenting the names of the offices and candidates and statements of questions to be voted and on which the voter marks his or her choices in design…

A “properly cast vote on a optical scan voting system which can include blackening the oval or filling in the blank space in an arrow or line.” 33 Pa. Bull. 31, p. 3935 (Aug. 2, 2003).

“A system by which votes are recorded by mean s of marks made in voting response fields designated on one or both faces of a ballot card or series of cards.” FVSS Appendix.

Ballot that contains voter’s selections.

See security marking.

A device that permits contest options to be selected and reviewed on an electronic interface and does not make any other lasting record of the voter's selections.

System by which votes are recorded by means of marks made in voting response fields designated on one or both faces of a ballot card or series of cards. Marksense systems may use an optical scanner or…

“‘Masculine’ includes the feminine, and the ma sculine pronoun wherever used in this Title shall be construed to include the feminine.” N. J. S. A. §19:1-1. This provision does not indicate that New J…

A “piece of material with defined areas for each voting position, into which holes are punched corresponding only to the voting positions appearing on the BALLOT LABEL.” 31 Ky. Admin. Regs. §2:010(1)(…

A type of threat action whereby an unauthorized entity gains access to a system or performs a malicious act by illegitimately posing as an authorized entity.

Key device with electronic logic and circuits providing the capability for adding more operational CIKs to a keyset. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

A data file containing information about a ju risdiction’s geographical components, political subdivisions and repetitive CONTESTS.

An alphabetical list of all persons registered in a District of Columbia PRECINCT and eligible to vote in an election, including each person’s name, a ddress, party affiliation (where applicable), and…

An ELECTION OFFICIAL in the District of Columbia who reads aloud the name, address, and party affiliation from the Master Index as each voter appears at a POLLING PLACE.

The “list of all registered voters in the state whic h is maintained by the director of elections.” Alaska Stat. §15.60.010(15).

A list of voters maintained in a single, uniform, official, computerized statewide or local registration database of registered voters.

The process of comparing biometric information against a previously stored template(s) and scoring the level of similarity.

The amount of time mission/business processes can be disrupted without causing significant harm to the organization’s mission. (SP 800-34) (NISTIR)

A measure of the frequency of FAILURE of a device or system, sp ecifically the average time between failures. This measure has been supplanted in the 2007 VVSG by FAILURE RATE. Abbreviated MTBF.

The average time from the point at which a device or system is put into operation until its first failure. The concept is most useful for items which cannot be repaired, i.e., for which the first fail…

A proposal to enact a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot for approval or rejection by voters.

The portion of voting materials that contains information about a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot for approval or rejection by voters.

A “machine that directly records a voter’s choices via mechanical lever-actuated controls into a counting mechanism that tallies the votes without using a physical ballot.” 2005 VVSG GLOSSARY. A LEVER…

Record that reflects the total votes cast for and against a specific ballot issue.

Machine that directly records a voter’s choices via mechanical lever-actuated controls into a counting mechanism that tallies the votes without using a physical ballot.

A “device 1. Which mechanically or electronically co mpiles a total of the number of votes cast for each candidate and for or against each measure voted on; or 2. To which a list of offices and candid…

A “voting machine that displays a full-faced ballot and whereby votes are cast by moving a lever.” La. R. S. §18:1351(12)(a).

A “system of voting whereby a voter may cast his vote: 1. On a device which mechanically or el ectronically compiles a total of the number of votes cast for each candidate and for or against each meas…

An assessment object that includes specific protection-related items (e.g., hardware, software, or firmware) employed within or at the boundary of an information system.

Physical devices or writing surfaces including but not limited to, magnetic tapes, optical disks, magnetic disks, Large-scale integration (LSI) memory chips, printouts (but not including display media…

The actions taken to render data written on media unrecoverable by both ordinary and extraordinary means.

A country which is a member of a supranational institution, for example the European Union.

One of the classes of voters entitled to the absentee voting provisions of UOCAVA. “An individual (other than a member of a uniformed service or an individual employed, enrolled, or maintained on the …

An image, video, or concept, often captioned and altered to be humorous, that is copied and spread online

(MOA) A type of intra-agency, interagency, or National Guard agreement between two or more parties, which includes specific terms that are agreed to, and a commitment by at least one party to engage i…

A type of intra-agency, interagency, or National Guard agreement between two or more parties, which includes only general understandings between the parties. It neither includes a commitment of resour…

(MOU/A) A document established between two or more parties to define their respective responsibilities in accomplishing a particular goal or mission. In this guide, an MOU/A defines the responsibiliti…

An electronic data storage device used for storing digital information, typically using flash memory.

An integrated circuit chip used to hold elec tion data such as ballot setup information, vote totals and/or CAST VOTE RECORDS.

A removable storage medium on which CAST VOTE RECORDS and other election information can be retained.

A receptacle designed for secure transport of a MEMORY DEVICE from a POLLING PLACE to a facility where TABULATION will occur.

A “device capable of storing electronically the totals of a precinct ballot counter.” Ala. Admin. Code §307-X-1-.01(10).

The collection of residual information from data storage.

See MEMBER OF THE MERCHANT MARINE. Mercuri method A method of voting in which the voter has the oppor tunity to review a paper record of her vote before it is cast on electronic equipment. The paper r…

A BALLOT listing CONTESTS from more than one BALLOT STYLE for ease of tabulation. In some OPEN PRIMARIES, the voter is given a merged ballot listing candidates from all parties and is instructed to vo…

Form of authentication in which information is authenticated through cryptographic techniques that use keys.

A cryptographic checksum on data that uses a symmetric key to detect both accidental and intentional modifications of the data. See checksum.

The result of applying a hash function to a message. Also known as a “hash value” or “hash output”.

Information outside of the message text, such as the header, trailer, etc. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)

Sequence of bits transmitted over a communications system for synchronizing cryptographic equipment.

“The county clerk may appoint messengers to deliver ballot boxes, poll books, keys, election supplies and other materials pertaining to the election.” N. M. Stat. Ann. §1-2-20(A).

Information describing the characteristics of data including, for example, structural metadata describing data structures (e.g., data format, syntax, and semantics) and descriptive metadata describing…

A “seal of high tensile strength that is approved by the secretary of stat e.” Mich. Comp. Laws §168.14a(b).

Several methods of application are available to the public so they may register to vote.

Tools designed to facilitate decision making and improve performance and accountability through collection, analysis, and reporting of relevant performance-related data.

Elections that take place between presidential elections.

The “mailing address of a MILITARY VOTER other than his residence address in his ELECTION DISTRICT.” N. Y. Election Laws (consol.) §10-102(4).

The “ballot prepared, printed and supplied for use by the MILITARY VOTER for a GENERAL ELECTION, PRIMARY ELECTION or SPECIAL ELECTION.” N. Y. Election Laws (consol.) §10- 102(3).

“Any of the following: 1. An individual in military service and the individual's spouse and dependents. 2. An individual in the merchant marine and the individual's spouse and dependents. 3. An indivi…

As defined in New York, the “military service of the state, or of the United States, including the army, navy, marine corps, air force, coast gua rd and all components thereof, and the coast and geode…

A “ballot for use by a MILITARY SERVICE VOTER.” N. J. Stat. Ann. §19:57-2.

A “qualified elector under the Constitution and the la ws of this State who comes within one of the following categories: (a) Persons in the MILITARY SERVICE and their spouses and dependents. (b) Pers…

A unique identifier used to associate a voter with their ballot selections. Indirect associations do not include PII.

A member of the Uniformed Services in active service, including army, navy, air force, marine corps, coast guard, and merchant marine, and their spouses and dependents.

Voting Assistance Officers (VAOs) work to ensure that military and overseas voters understand their voting rights, how to register to vote absentee, and have access to accurate nonpartisan voting info…

(VAOs) work to ensure that military and overseas voters understand their voting rights, how to register to vote absentee, and have access to accurate nonpartisan voting information and assistance. VAO…

A measure of the difficulty that an Attacker has to guess the most commonly chosen password used in a system. (SP 800-63) (NISTIR)

Cryptography that can be implemented on devices with very limited memory and computing capabilities, such as RFID tags. (SP 800-98) (NISTIR)

The lowest level of quality or achievement that is acceptable.

The age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election.

An application, other than a major application, that requires attention to security due to the risk and magnitude of harm resulting from the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to or modification of …

A political party that does not meet the requirements to be recognized as a major party, but otherwise is recognized typically because its candidates have received a certain percentage of the vote or …

A “political organization whose candidate for any one (1) of the offices of the United States house of representatives, governor or secretary of state, received not less than two percent (2%) nor more…

“[T]he political party whose members hold the second largest number of seats in the combined houses of the general assembly.” Tenn. Code §2-1-104(12). That “political party whose candidates were elect…

In general, replicating copies of ballots to gua rd against machine or memory failure. “Keeping two or more memory systems or computers identical at all times, so that if one fails the other can conti…

(opscan) The failure of an opti cal scanner to accept a physical BALLOT. A misfeed can be caused by misadjustment of the scanner or a defect in the BALLOT itself (such as a crumpled edge or SWELLING.

Ratio of the misfeed total to the total ballot volume.

“A MARK on a ballot that is misinterpreted by a vot e tabulating machine; this term includes both FALSE POSITIVE and FALSE NEGATIVE MARKS.” Jones.

An error, mistake, omission, or intentional act that results in a voter's intent not counting towards the final election result.

A technique used to disguise a file’s content by changing the file’s name to something innocuous or altering its extension to a different type of file, forcing the examiner to identify the files by fi…

A ballot that causes a ballot reader to produce an error indication. A ballot that is misread twice is considered a SPOILED BALLOT in some jurisdictions. N. M. Admin Code §1.10.12.14.

(MAC) (C. F. D.) A Department of Defense (DoD) Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP) term primarily used to determine the requirements for availability and integrity. …

Any telecommunications or information system that is defined as a national security system (Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002) or processes any information the loss, misuse, …

A system component or subsystem that delivers mission critical functionality to a system or that may, by virtue of system design, introduce vulnerability to mission critical functions.

Any system function, the compromise of which would degrade the effectiveness of that system in achieving the core mission for which it was designed.

Elements of organizations describing mission areas, common/shared business services, and organization-wide services. Mission/business segments can be identified with one or more information systems wh…

“Misspelling or abbreviations of the names of write-in candidates shall be disregarded if the individual for whom the vote was intended can be clearly ascertained from the ballot.” Minn. Stat. §204C.2…

1. A vote that is cast for a candidate or on an i ssue that differs from the choice intended by the voter. 2. A vote that fails to conform to statute. “A ny overvote or misvote for one or more offices…

The application of one or more measures to reduce the likelihood of an unwanted occurrence and/or lessen its consequences.

A man-in-the-middle attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating

A cryptographic protocol executed by a set of se rvers, known as mix-servers, that provides anonymity for a group of senders. Their indivi dual messages can be encrypted and mixed so that after decryp…

A mixed system in which all the voters use the first electoral system, usually a plurality/majority system, to elect some of the representatives to an elected body/ The remaining seats are then alloca…

SPLIT Ticket. W. V. C. §3-4-8(8).

A system in which the choices expressed by voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems, one proportional representation system and one plurality/majority system. There are t…

A ballot where voters may select candidates of their choice regardless of party affiliation up to the maximum allowed for each race.

An electronic process implemented prior to counting involving encryption and decryption which removes any links between a marked ballot and the identity of the voter who cast it; used by some Internet…

Mmpb-capable Optical Scanner

BOX PC Cards. An acronym for “System for Election Records and Verification Operations.”

A Hart Intercivic products, consisting of a PC Card used to transport either ballot data files, or CAST VOTE RECORDS. Abbreviated MBB.

Software programs or parts of programs obtained from remote information systems, transmitted across a network, and executed on a local information system without explicit installation or execution by …

Categories of risk associated with mobile code technology based on functional ity, level of access to workstation, server, and remote system services and resour ces, and the resulting threat to inform…

Software technologies that provide the mechanisms for the production and use of mobile code (e.g., Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, VBScript).

A portable computing device that: (i) has a small form factor such that it can easily be carried by a single individual; (ii) is designed to operate without a physical connection (e.g., wirelessly tra…

Any “registration held outside the central regi stration in the office of the department of elections for each respective county and excluding registrations held within the district on registration da…

Programs that are goal-directed and capable of suspending their execution on one platform and moving to another platform where they resume execution. (SP 800-19) (NISTIR)

A non-partisan educational event that primarily teaches young people how to vote.

An algorithm for the cryptographic transformation of data that features a symmetric key block cipher algorithm. (SP 800-38C) (NISTIR)

A “mechanically operated model or miniature of the whole or a part of the face of the voting machine, illustrating the manner of voting.” La. R. S. §18:1351(5).

A device, usually internal to computer when it is present, that allows data communications over telephone line. Modems are sometimes used in voting machines to transfer unofficial vote totals to a cen…

The loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability that could be expected to have a serious adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, o…

An information system in which at least one security objective (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, or availability) is assigned a FIPS PUB 199 potential impact value of moderate and no security objecti…

An official who preserves order at a polling place. Conn. Gen. Stat. §9-230. Likewise, N. H. Rev. Stat. §652:14. See also ASSISTANT MODERATOR, DEPUTY MODERATOR, HEAD MODERATOR.

A collective name for asymmetric key such as secure data network system (SDNS) FIREFLY key and message signature key. It does not include the public key infrastructure (PKI) system or keys.

Any “change in either software, firmware, hardware, or procedure for use that directly affects the operation of the voting system that will requi re reexamination of certified equipment.” Cal. Proc. §…

A candidate-centred, preferential system used in either single- or multi-member districts in which voters use numbers to mark their preferences on the ballot paper and each preference marked is then a…

A primary election that allows state parties to decide whether they permit voters registered without a political party affiliate to [participate in their primary elections.

A primary election that allows state parties to decide whether they permit voters registered without a political party affiliate to [participate in their primary elections.

A voting system which was previously certif ied but has been subsequently modified, necessitating further inspection. Fla. VSS Appendix.

A structural unit of a software program that serves a specific function for the program or helps make the program modular.

A “computer program that detects, interprets, and executes a function designated by closure of a switch or keyboard input.” Fla. VSS Appendix.

An audio-tactile interface that allows users to make selections.

This act, commonly known as the “Motor Voter Law,” requires that states offer the opportunity to register to vote at their motor vehicle licensing offices (known as the DMV in many states). The law al…

The presentation of a dynamic attack surface, increasing an adversary's work factor necessary to probe, attack, or maintain presence in a cyber target.

The ability of a network to: (1) provide continuous operation (i.e., highly resistant to disruption and able to operate in a degraded mode if damaged); (2) recover effectively if failure does occur; a…

Authentication mechanism requiring two or more of: something you know, something you have, or something you are.

An electoral district or constituency having two or more representatives in a legislative body rather than one.

Contest in which multiple candidates can run, up to a specified number of seats. Voters may vote for no more than the specified number of candidates.

Cf. FULL-FACE BALLOT.

The security risks resulting from a mobile software agent visiting several platforms. (SP 800-19) (NISTIR)

A type of cross domain solution (CDS) that uses trusted labeling to store data at different classifications and allows users to access the data based upon their security domain and credentials.

Concept of processing information with different classifications and categories that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances and denies access to users who lack autho…

Store data in multiple security domains at varied security levels and allow users to access the data at an appropriate security level.

A characteristic of an information domain where access control mechanisms enforce policy-based release of information to authorized users within the information domain.

Authentication using two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: (i) something you know (e.g. password/personal identification number (PIN)); (ii) something you have (e.g., cryptog…

Equipment trusted to properly maintain and separate data of different security domains.

Mode of operation wherein all the following statements are satisfied concerning the users who have direct or indirect access to the system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts:

Concept of processing information with different classifications and categories that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances and denies access to users who lack autho…

Abbreviated M2B3.

Capability of an information system that is trusted to contain, and maintain separation between, resources (particularly stored data) of different security domains.

An electoral system in which two or more sets of representatives are elected to the same chamber by the entire electorate of a country. The multiple tiers may be electoral districts defined at differe…

Relating to a city, borough, village or town, except in the New England states, New York, and Wisconsin, where the name town signifies a subdivision of the county or state by area.

A ballot for candidates or measures related to a municipal governing body.

In North Carolina, a city body exercising the functions of a COUNTY BOARD OF ELECTIONS.

An election where a proposal to allow a municipal government to approve additional spending in which a debt and obligation are repaid with interest appears on the ballot for approval or rejection.

The town clerk in or for a municipality. Conn. Stat. §9-1(a). Likewise in Wisconsin. The municipal clerk is these jurisdictions is responsible for VOTER REGISTRATION.

An “election to be held in and for a single m unicipality only, at regular intervals.” N. J. S. §19:1-1.

A regular election of candidates and measures within a municipal governing body.

The “the election held in municipalities and special districts on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of each odd-numbered year.” Utah Code §20A-1-102(38).

An “ELECTIVE OFFICE for which only the electors of a si ngle town, city, borough, or political subdivision …may vote, including the office of justice of the peace.” Conn. Gen. Stat. §9- 372(7).

An “election held to nominate candidates for municipal office.” Utah Code §20A-1-102(41).

A geographical unit for the local administration of elementary or secondary schools.

A geographical unit of local government given the task of supplying water and sewer needs to a community.

Relating to a city, borough, village or town, except in the New England states, New York, and Wisconsin, where the name town signifies a subdivision of the county or state by area.

An “official ballot that has been damaged to the extent that it is not possible to determine the choice the voter intended to make. There are tw o kinds of mutilated official ballots: (1) A ballot tha…

The process of both entities involved in a transaction verifying each other.

Condition in which two information systems need to rely upon each other to perform a service, yet neither trusts the other to properly protect shared data. (CNSSI-4009) (NISTIR)